Each beta can thus cause multiple ionizations, as well as being a free electron on its own.
2.
She attempted to continue the study of multiple ionization, but this was impossible without the sophisticated equipment she had access to while in England.
3.
Typically the pulse amplitude and the high voltage on the specimen are computer controlled to encourage only one atom to ionize at a time, but multiple ionizations are possible.
4.
For multiply charged ions, the ECR ion source has the advantages that it is able to confine the ions for long enough for multiple collisions ( and multiple ionization ) to take place, and the low gas pressure in the source avoids recombination.
5.
The shake-off ( SO ) model, first proposed by Fittinghoff et al ., is adopted from the field of ionization of atoms by X rays and electron projectiles where the SO process is one of the major mechanisms responsible for the multiple ionization of atoms.
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